Ethics in Video Games

Ethics in Video Games Evolution Video games are one of the fastest growing industries that at least half of the people you know played video games. Video games evolve from a simple Pong game in 1970s to violent games such as Street Fighter (player play as a human like characters fought the other player until death) in the 1990s. As video games evolve, computer graphics become more realistic and the issues of ethics in video games arise. The media become aware of ethics in video game such as violence, addiction and sexual themes and more ethical questions about should game designers be more consider of what is designed and their games can affect the learning process and social development of many children who play their games. The main issues of video games are violence and crime, sexuality and social addiction.More and more video games contain high degree of violence. This violence in the game can lead to aggressive behavior, especially for children. From the graph at Video Game Violence and Public Policy, it shows that a teenager involved in a physical fight is more likely have plays a high violent game. This shows that violent game can lead to real life violence and it may leads to more aggressive actions such as crime. For example, Playing the blame game article, the graduate student who killed five students used to play a famous game call counter-strike (player play as first person shooter and the game involve shooting on the head and rewards for killing people). Some people think that violence in game is not acceptable but others think virtual life is different than real life so violence in game is acceptable. Ethics The sexuality involves in the video game is a morality problem. It utilizes women as mere sexual tools to mens insatiable which effect status of woman in the sociality. For example, the game Rapelay encouraged the player to force the woman they rape to have an abortion is reinforces rape culture. This contradict not just moral of video game but also moral of human behavior. A lot of sexual games also have issue such as racialism and sexual abuse.Playing video game can becomes an addictive or isolating activity. This addiction can have effects on falling behind in school and work. Game addiction is also what game company use as a strategy to keep player consume the game. Some children use many hours in a day to play video games, this may cause lack of interest in other stuff and social skills due to video game replaced friends and family. In the article of Special Issues for Teens, National Institute on Media and the Family stated At-risk teenage boys spend 60% more time playing games , and they prefer more violent games than other teens. This leads back to the issue violence. This addiction also have effects on health, long time playing video game can result in dry eyes, headaches and more extreme failure to eat.The ethics in video game is mainly cause by game company does not about ethics and moral question. The reason the game designers create violence games is not because they wanted children to train children in the use of weapons and harden them emotionally to the act of murder by simulating the killing other players in a video game. The game designers is just follow what the company want them to do is to increase profit. Virtual World Virtual World The sexuality involves in the video game is a morality problem. It utilizes women as mere sexual tools to mens insatiable which effect status of woman in the sociality. For example, the game Rapelay encouraged the player to force the woman they rape to have an abortion is reinforces rape culture. This contradict not just moral of video game but also moral of human behavior. A lot of sexual games also have issue such as racialism and sexual abuse.Playing video game can becomes an addictive or isolating activity. This addiction can have effects on falling behind in school and work. Game addiction is also what game company use as a strategy to keep player consume the game. Some children use many hours in a day to play video games, this may cause lack of interest in other stuff and social skills due to video game replaced friends and family. In the article of Special Issues for Teens, National Institute on Media and the Family stated At-risk teenage boys spend 60% more time playing games , and they prefer more violent games than other teens. This leads back to the issue violence. This addiction also have effects on health, long time playing video game can result in dry eyes, headaches and more extreme failure to eat.The ethics in video game is mainly cause by game company does not about ethics and moral question. The reason the game designers create violence games is not because they wanted children to train children in the use of weapons and harden them emotionally to the act of murder by simulating the killing other players in a video game. The game designers is just follow what the company want them to do is to increase profit. An assistant professor at the Rochester Institute of Technology Andrew Phelps thinks there is an ethical obligation for game designers to produce less violence and/or addictive game.Internet virtual worlds can increase the number of consumer play games, which will have good impact on the game industry. This is supported by Kids and teens have pushed at least 6 immersive online worlds to over 2m UU/mth in the US, Susuan Wu said continuing down this path of improving the user experience of living and socializing online. This story is about human context, social proximity, and a sense of place.Internet virtual worlds is like second real life world, people will likely to spend more time on it and this will increase profit for the game company.Inter virtual worlds can impact law in a way it is out of control. For example, a game is restricted to eighteen and over, it is easier for an underage person to lie on the internet to play the game. This can cause issues such as protecting children from violence and sexuality. As law stated people have obligation to pay tax but if a person selling goods and currency in the virtual world, it is harder to tax them. Conclusion Video game is a good entertainment tool but ethics in video game such as violence, sexuality; we must realize it is not just the problem of the developers. Everyone has an obligation to find a solution and improve the environment. As internet virtual world evolve these few years, it is more important that player themselves behave ethical otherwise more ethical issue will rise in the game industry.

Can Sea Water Generate Usable Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

AbstractionAlternatively of following the conventional fuel oriented power coevals methods and dispersing its heat into environment, we evaporate saline H2O into steam and utilize its energy to bring forth power. Using this strategy would do sea H2O useable in power coevals which at the minute is merely being used for chilling intents in the power workss. The steam used for bring forthing electricity is finally collected, condensed and used for drinkable intents. The proposed strategy may be seen as Steam Power Generation with extra characteristic of desalinization. We set up an experimental trial bed in order to cipher the electric power available utilizing this strategy. To guarantee safety for human ingestion, we besides perform chemical trials on the desalinated H2O to see whether it is fit to be used for imbibing and agricultural intents. Our decisions are based on existent experiments and research lab trials ; processs outlined here may be used at larger graduated table for mor e in-depth analyses. We besides highlight future extensions and alterations in this work. Keywords: DC Shunt Generator, Desalination, Measurement, Power Generation, Thermal PlantsIntroductionMost of the Earth ‘s H2O is either belowground or in ocean. In both instances the high composing of different salts and minerals present in the H2O makes it useless for human public-service corporations. Merely 1 % of the Earth ‘s H2O exists in lakes, pools, or in any other soft H2O beginning, which is non sufficient for 1000000s of human existences. Human presently use 18 % of the accessible H2O every twelvemonth [ 1 ] . This calls for doing usage of other beginnings of H2O, for case sea H2O, which is available in copiousness. Before utilizing sea H2O, nevertheless, its salt content needs to be removed. The remotion of salt from sea H2O, called Desalination, occurs of course at ocean ‘s surface. The Sun evaporates saline H2O from the huge seas and oceans therefore giving rise to â€Å" Natural Desalination † [ 2 ] . These bluess occupy a cloudy construction w hich consequences in the purest signifier of H2O – â€Å" rain H2O † . Apart from natural desalinization, there are two thermic desalinization procedures used worldwide viz. â€Å" Multi Effect Desalination † ( MED ) and â€Å" Multi Stage Flash Distillation † ( MSF ) [ 3 ] . In both of the mentioned engineerings, saltwater is evaporated and so condensed to get fresh H2O, though the procedures involved are rather different in each of them. Pakistan is blessed with more than 1000km long seashore line [ 4 ] . Rational use of this H2O resource is polar for the upheaval of an agricultural state like Pakistan. Sea H2O, nevertheless, has built-in job of holding salts and other minerals which need to be removed before doing it useable for drinkable and agricultural intents. Not merely in agribusiness, H2O play an of import function in carry throughing the power demands of the state. Country relies significantly on Thermal Power Generation, which burns fuel to heat H2O in the boilers for bring forthing electricity. Karachi Electric Supply Corporation ( KESC ) has 1756MW installed capacity for Thermal Power Generation [ 5 ] . Despite holding a big reservoir of sea H2O, its application in both agribusiness and power sectors of the state is impossible without taking its inherently dissolved salts and minerals. Desalination, although can give important benefits, brings considerable environmental harm because of its terminal merchandises. Some conservationists have claimed that the residuary by-product after desalinization with high salt concentration is a large Marine pollutant when thrown back into the sea at high temperatures [ 6 ] . On the other manus, desalinization has obvious cost benefits. Desalination might go even more economically feasible if renewable energy is used to heat the sea H2O alternatively of firing coal, oil or other fuels. The thought of utilizing renewable energy for desalinization is already in pattern at Perth Desalination Plant, which is partly powered by air current energy [ 7 ] . In an effort to foreground the possibility of utilizing desalinated H2O for power coevals before condensation, in this paper introduces a strategy to desalt sea H2O by heating it in boilers and to utilize the kinetic energy of steam to bring forth electricity. The proposed thought will non merely do sea H2O useable for agricultural activities but will besides bring forth considerable sums of electric power, which we need most desperately during the on-going power crisis [ 8 ] . In this paper, we are peculiarly interested in measuring the sum of electricity which can be generated utilizing the proposed set up and its impact on the chemical belongingss of H2O. It is deserving adverting that we are interested in the alterations in H2O belongingss caused by heating the sea H2O ; we ignore the alterations brought approximately due to the hit of H2O with the turbine blades. Rest of the paper is organized as follows. Proposed conventional and experimental set up is detailed in subdivision 2. Power generated following the proposed strategy is evaluated in subdivision 3. Consequences from chemical trials done on the condensed H2O are given in subdivision 4 and decisions are drawn in subdivision 5. Mentions are given at the terminal of the paper followed by the appendix incorporating the chemical trial study on the condensed H2O.PROPOSED SCHEMATIC AND EXPERIMENTAL SET UPAs mentioned earlier, the thought being evaluated in this paper is to boil sea H2O to acquire rid of its salt contents and utilize the kinetic energy of the ensuing steam to bring forth electric power. It can be seen from the proposed set up shown in Figure 1 that salt H2O is heated in a boiler under decreased force per unit area. The salt contents are retained into the boiler and the generated dry steam is sent out to the reaction-type steam turbine. The steam loses its kinetic energy again st the turbine blades in the turbine doing the traveling blades to revolve. This turbine coupled with the generator acts as its premier mover and hence electricity becomes available at the generator terminuss. Upon hit with the turbine blades, dry steam becomes wet and is subsequently condensed in the capacitor. Our experimental set up has used low capacity boilers, turbines and capacitor in order to enforce that the power we generate would be the minimal available from the set up. Bigger devices can of class output better power end products when used commercially. The shaft diameter of the turbine was 2.6cm, while that of turbine was 16cm. The blade tallness was 3.8cm and the nozzle angle was 20o. These specifications are given in Table I. The electromotive force construct up equation for a DC Generator is given in equation ( 1 ) [ 9 ] , where, P is the figure of poles, Z is the figure of music directors, I ¦ is the flux per pole, N is the figure of rotary motions per minute and a is the figure of parallel waies and Vg is the mean electromotive force built in the generator. Table 1: Specifications of equipment used in the proposed apparatus Volume of boiler 5lit Turbine type Chemical reaction Turbine Turbine diameter 16cm Turbine shaft diameter 2.6cm Turbine blade tallness 3.8cm Nozzle angle 20o Generator DC Shunt Generator Picture1 Figures: Proposed apparatus for desalinization and power coevals aˆÂ ¦ ( 1 )AVAILABLE TERMINAL VOLTAGE FROM THE PROPOSED SET UPIn this subdivision, we report our observations recorded from the set up discussed in subdivision 2. As has been mentioned antecedently, our primary involvement is in measuring the power generated from this set up, which basically depends on the rotary motions per minute of the turbine caused by the steam. Our observations suggest that the extremum revolutions per minute reached utilizing this set up is around 700rpm while mean value remained to be about 450rpm. Following, we evaluate the electromotive force generated by 450rpm in a typical DC Generator. Note that similar computations can be made for a synchronal generator. These observations are recorded in Table 2. Table 2: Observations on revolutions per minute and end product terminal electromotive force from the proposed apparatus Peak revolutions per minute 700 Average revolutions per minute 450 Terminal Voltage ( peak revolutions per minute ) 441V Terminal Voltage ( avg revolutions per minute ) 283.5V Mechanical Power ( peak revolutions per minute ) 24W Mechanical Power ( avg revolutions per minute ) 6.5W Therefore, for a lap lesion ( a=p ) , 6 pole, 1260 music directors, DC generator holding flux per pole of 0.03web used in our set up will bring forth about 283.5V mean electromotive force ( at 450rpm ) and 441V ( at 700 revolutions per minute ) . It must be noted that the dimensions of setup used in our set up is significantly little and greater electromotive forces may be achieved utilizing larger fringe.WATER TestingIn this subdivision we conduct intense chemical trials on the H2O recovered from the capacitor which had been used to revolve the turbine blades. We conduct these trials to guarantee that condensed H2O is suited to be used for imbibing and agricultural intents. In peculiar, we are interested in observing whether boiling sea H2O in a individual phase boiler has removed all unsought dissolvers. We have performed laboratory trials at Postgraduate Environmental Lab at NED University of Engineering and Technology on H2O collected in the capacitor obtained from 3 separate exp eriments. We present some of the interesting findings in the undermentioned. We attach one of the studies ( as sample ) in the appendix at the terminal of the paper. We discuss the consequences of chemical trial done on the condensed H2O in the followers. Our parametric quantities of involvement are pH value, Total Dissolved Salt ( TDS ) , Electrical Conductivity and Entire Coli-form. Obtained consequences are tabulated in Table 3. Table 3: Chemical belongingss of H2O recovered from the proposed strategy pH 7.8 Entire Dissolved Salt 5870mg/L Electrical Conduction 10.72mS/cm Entire Coli-form 0 Harmonizing to our trials, the pH value of the condensed H2O increased from 7.6 to 7.8. Condensed H2O, hence, is more basic in nature and helps forestalling wellness jeopardies due to sourness within the human organic structure. It must be noted that the pH values within the scope specified by World Health Organization [ 10 ] . This H2O will act as ordinary pat H2O when used in agricultural activities in footings of pH and will non turn out effectual in killing sources [ 11 ] . Heating the sea H2O at high temperature in our strategy is shown to significantly cut down the TDS value. The condensed H2O has merely 33 % TDS [ 12 ] compared with the original sea H2O. To be precise, TDS was found to be 5870mg/L which is classified â€Å" brackish H2O † in literature [ 13 ] . Although the salt content has non been removed wholly but writers believe carry oning similar experiments on larger graduated table can give better benefits. The electrical conduction of the condensed H2O, as given in Table 3 is found to be 10.72 mS/cm. The existent trial study ( besides given in the appendix ) suggests that electrical conduction can be well decreased by following the strategy outlined here. The ascertained value of conduction is similar to that of Divide Lake in Minnesota, United States [ 14 ] . It is interesting to observe that the H2O collected from capacitor has zero entire coli-form, which makes it ideal for drinkable intents in footings of hygiene [ 15 ] .DecisionThis paper investigates the thought of heating sea H2O at high temperatures for desalting its unsought contents and bring forthing electricity before distilling the same. Detailed proposed set up for the said thought has been given and by experimentation evaluated. It was found that around 24W of mechanical power is available across turbine blades utilizing really little graduated table research lab equipment. In order to measure the chemical alterations on sea H2O due to inordinate warming and hit with turbine blades, research lab trials were conducted on the condensed H2O. Although the condensed H2O did non turn out to be useable straight for drinkable intents, larger scale versions of similar trials might turn out utile. Still, sufficient betterment in chemical belongingss of sea H2O was observed in the trials. The chief motive for this research comes from the fact that Pakistan is blessed with a big coastal belt, which can be put to utilize in legion ways. This paper highlights one of those utilizations.

Definition of a Football Fan

Definition of a Football Fan 1st draft Football fans are by definition crazy. They behave insanely; they are insane about the past, and they are insanely loyal. If their team gives away something free, the fans rush to the stadium to get the hat or watever. Football fans just plain behave insanely. Baseball fans go similarly nuts when their favorite teams give away some attractive freebie. But football fans are even worse. Football fans freeze themselves in order to watch their favorite game. In addition, football fans decorate their houses with football-related items of every kind.When they go to a game, which they do as often as possible, the true football fans make themselves look ridiculous by decorating themselves in weird team-related ways. At the game, these fans do the â€Å"wave†more than they watch the game. Football fans love to talk about the past. They talk about William â€Å"Refrigerator† Perry’s 1985 Super Bowl touchdown as though it had happened last week. They still get all exicited about 1988’s â€Å"Fog Bowl†. They talk about John Elway’s final game as though it’s today’s news, though it happened in 1999.They think everyone should be as excited as they are about such old stories. Last of all, football fans are insanely loyal to the team of their choice. Football fans never wear their team T-shirts and warm-up jackets everywhere, even to work. Of course, if they have to dress up in business clothes, they can’t do that. Should their beloved team lose three in a row, their fans may begin to criticise their team. They still obsessively watch each game and read all the newspaper stories about it.This intense loyalty makes fans dangerous. To anyone who dares to say to a loyal fan that another team is better, or, God forbid, to anyone wandering near the home cheering section wearing the jacket of the opposite team, physical damage is a real possibility. Incidents of violence in football stadium have increased in recent years and are a matter of growing concern. Football fans really act as if they’er crazy. They behave insanely, they are crazy about the past, and they are too loyal. Final version What is a football fan?The word â€Å"fan† is an abbreviation of â€Å"fanatic†, meaning â€Å"an insane or crazy person†. In the case of football fans, the term is appropriate. They behave insanely, they are insane about the past, and they are insanely loyal. Football fans wear their officail team T-shirts and warm-up jackets to the mall, the supermarket, the classroom, and even—if the yon can get away with it—to work. If the team offers a giveaway item, the fans rush to the stadium to claim the hat or sports bag or water bottle that is being handed out that day.Baseball fans go similarly nuts when their favorite teams give away some attractive freebie. Football farns just plain behave insanely. Even the fact that fans spend the c oldest months of the year huddling on icy mental benches in places like Chicago proves it. In addition, football fans decorate their houses with football-related items of every kind. To them, team bumper stickers belong not only on car bumpers, but also on fireplace mantels and front doors. When they go to a game, which they do as often as possible, they also decorate their bodies.True football fans not only put on their team jackets and grab their pennants but also paint their heads to look like helmets or wear glow-in-the dark cheeseheads. At the game, these fans devote enormous energy to trying to get a â€Å"wave† going. Football fans are insanely fascinated by the past. They talk about William â€Å"Refrigerator† Perry’s 1985 Super Bowl touchdown as though it had happened last week. They describe the â€Å"Fog Bowl† as if dense fog blanketed yesterday’s game, not 1988’s playoff match between the philadelphia Eagles annd the Chicago Bear s.They excitedly discuss John Elway’s final gamebefore retiring. — when he won the 1999 Superbowl and received MVP honors— as if it were current news. And if you can’t mange to get excited about such ancient history, they look at you as though you were the insane one. Last of all, football fans are insanely loyal to the team of their choice, often dangerously so. Should their beloved team lose three in a row, fans may begin to react negatively as a way to hide their broken hearts.They still obbsessively watch each game and spend the entire day afterward reading and listening to the postgame commentary in newspapers, on TV sports segments, and on sports radio. Further, this intense loyaly makes fans dangerous. To anyone who dares to say to a loyal fan that another team has better players or coaches, or, God forbid, to anyone wandering near the home cheering section wearing the jacket of the opposite team, physical damage is a real possibility. Bloody noses , black wyes, and brooken bones are just some of the injuries inflicted on people cheering the wrong team hae fans are around. In 1997, one man suffered a concussion at a game in Philadelphia when Eagles fans beat him up for wearing a jacket with another team’s insignia. From February through August, footbalal fans act like any other human beings. They pay their taxes, take out the garbage, and complain aboput the high cast of living. But when September rolls around, the colors and radios go on, the record books come off the shelves, and the devotion returns. For the true football fan, another season of insanity has begun.

‘the Separation of Powers Hinders Effective Government in...

The separation of powers is a theory of government whereby political power is distributed among three branches of government; the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. The doctrine of the separation of powers embodies three basic principles; limited government, which means that the government’s power over its citizens is limited by the Bill of Rights. Secondly is the separation of personnel, meaning that no one person can hold office in separate branches of the government at the same time. And lastly, each branch of government keeps a watch over the other branches of government and in some cases can overrule it to prevent them from becoming too powerful. Neustadt (1960) wrote that rather it being a government with ‘separated†¦show more content†¦Firstly, he nominates all federal judges to the trial court, appeal court and Supreme Court. The appeal and Supreme court being the most important two. President George W. Bush made two appointments to the Supreme Court – John Roberts as chief justice in 2005, and Samuel Alito as an associate judge in 2006. By choosing justices whose judicial philosophy matches their own, presidents can hope to mould the outlook of the Court for many years after. It can be argued that the election of these should have been down to a rather more democratic public vote, as it will inevitably be the citizens who will be largely effected by the appointment of these judges. The second is the power of pardon. This is used in times of controversy. In 1974, President Ford pardoned his predecessor, President Nixon, for the crimes that he committed in the ‘Watergate affair’. On the la st day of his presidency, President Clinton pardoned 140 people, including Mark Rich, who was a notorious tax fugitive. In contrast, President George W. Bush pardoned only 189 people in 8 years. 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